Consistent with our hypothesis, results revealed that the greatest fixations to the mouth were present in the audiovisual active experiment and visual articulatory information led to a phonemic restoration effect for the / a/ speech token. Stimuli included a clear exemplar of the syllable /ba/ and a second exemplar in which the formant initial consonant was reduced creating an / a/−like consonant. The active experiment required participants to discriminate between speech stimuli and was designed to mimic environmental situations which require one to use visual information to disambiguate the speaker’s message, simulating different listening conditions in real-world settings. ![]() Further, task demands were manipulated by having listeners respond in a passive (no response) or an active (button press response) context. To examine the effect of task demands on gaze patterns in response to a speaking face, adults participated in two eye-tracking experiments with an audiovisual (articulatory information from the mouth was visible) and a pixelated condition (articulatory information was not visible). 5Department of Psychology, Southern Connecticut State University, New Haven, CT, United Statesįace to face communication typically involves audio and visual components to the speech signal.4Department of Psychological Sciences, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT, United States.3Department of Communicative Disorders, The University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, AL, United States. ![]()
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